Chapter 5: Chief John Horse

Long before the divisive question of slavery was finally settled in the Civil War, there were the Seminole Wars — three of them —- and they were the largest sustained revolt of formerly enslaved people and their Indigenous allies. On the one side there was Andrew Jackson; on the other was a Black Seminole, Chief John Horse.

By the end of his long life, he would come to be called the Moses of the Seminoles. He would fight for and against the US government, successfully winning his freedom and land for his people.

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